Lecture notes for 12.009, Theoretical Environmental Analysis
نویسنده
چکیده
1 Natural climate change: glacial cycles 1 1.1 Climatic cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Milankovitch hypothesis: an introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.1 Precession, obliquity, and eccentricity . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.2 Insolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3 Precession and obliquity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3.1 Gryoscope: horizontal axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3.2 Gyroscope: tilted axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.3.3 Planetary precession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.3.4 Obliquity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.4 Eccentricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.4.1 Central force motion as a one-body problem . . . . . . 15 1.4.2 Planar orbits and conserved quantities . . . . . . . . . 17 1.4.3 Elliptical orbits (Kepler’s first law) . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.4.4 Relation of eccentricity to angular momentum . . . . . 28 1.5 Insolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.5.1 Daily and yearly insolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.5.2 Kepler’s second law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1.5.3 Relation of insolation to eccentricity . . . . . . . . . . 32
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